Assessment of what governments spend, tax and regulate, measured against the objectives stated when each measure was introduced. Sources include budget offices, program evaluations and comparable schemes abroad. For officials, evaluators and analysts who need the counterfactual as well as the reported outcome.
Federal agencies invite the public to weigh in before most new rules take effect. Where the invitations live, what a proposal actually asks, and where your comment goes.
When a city ordinance collides with state statute, the state wins under the supremacy clause of state constitutions — and legislatures have used that lever aggressively.
Reconciliation lets a simple Senate majority rewrite taxes and entitlement spending with limited debate and no filibuster — through a gate the Byrd rule guards.